• To consolidate knowledge on respiratory drive physiology and modulation
• To identify respiratory effort physiology and impact on the diaphragm
• To learn about oesophageal pressure: advanced lung protective ventilation 
• To demonstrate energy transfer to the lung
• To present mechanical ventilation and the right ventricle
• To present non-invasive monitoring of respiratory drive and effort
• To learn about safe transition from controlled to assisted ventilation
• To illustrate patient - ventilator interaction
• To apply lung and diaphragm protective ventilation in clinical practice
• To describe PEEP titration, airway closureTo describe APRV as a slow recruitment tool.
• To describe APRV as a slow recruitment tool 
  
• To recognize the effect of proning on recruitment and hemodynamics 
• To recognize when lung protective ventilation fails: vv-ECMO
• To understand invasive mechanical ventilation in obstructive lung disease
• To determine the principles of mechanical ventilation in acute asthma
• To describe new insights: non-invasive respiratory support in acute hypoxemic failure
• To determine dyspnea sensation in ventilated patients
• To understand how to improve weaning from mechanical ventilation
• To calculate challenging weaning

General objectives

• The basics of gas exchange important for the assessment and treatment of patients with acute respiratory failure
• Fundamentals of lung mechanics and the underlying physical principles
• The physiological principles and application of non-invasive and invasive mechanical ventilation
• How to recognize and interpret ventilator data and waveforms
• Principles of bedside lung imaging
• Application of all learning objectives through workshops, case presentations, interactive discussions, and quiz

Fundamentals of physiology gas exchange

Objectives:

• Understand causes and mechanisms of hypoxemia and hypercapnia
• Understand how to assess hypoxemia and hypercapnia
• Concepts of shunt, ventilation/perfusion mismatch

CO2, Deadspace, and capnography

Objectives:

• Understand mechanisms of CO2 exchange
• Understand Concepts of VCO2, respiratory quotient, Deadspace (anatomical, alveolar, physiological)
• Understand interaction between shunt and deadspace
• Understand and interpret capnometry and capnometry

Equation on motion for passive breathing

Objectives:

• Understand the pressures and forces that move the respiratory system
• Understand how these concepts will be applied to a passively breathing patients

Fundamentals of respiratory mechanics

Objectives:

• Understand concepts of Plateau pressure, Peak pressure, compliance, resistance, driving pressure, intrinsic PEEP
• Understand how to make measurements in a passive patient
• Recognize that can affect compliance and resistance

Basic concepts of non-invasive respiratory support

Objectives:

• Understand the physiological mechanisms of action of non-invasive support from HFNC, CPAP and NIV
• Understand Ventilation interfaces
• Understand general indications of non-invasive support

Airway management and intubation  

Objectives:

• Understand the indications for intubation
• Understand the best preparation for intubation
• Understand potential complications and way to minimize them

Basic modes of controlled and assisted ventilation: how do they work  

• Understand different modalities of delivering controlled ventilation in a passive patient and in supported/assisted ventilation.
• Understand the working difference among them

Setting and monitoring mechanical ventilation

Objectives:

• Understand the practical application of the different modes of ventilation and when to select them
• Understand the setting and target variables

Lung volumes, PV curves and ventilatory waveforms

Objectives:

• The different lung volumes and capacities
• Understand the different types of ventilation waveforms (e.g., flow, pressure, loops) and their physiological meaning

Lung protective ventilation in ARDS

Objectives:

• Understand the characteristics of a lung protective ventilation strategy
• Setting of tidal volumes, driving pressure, PEEP and respiratory rate
• Understand balances and trade-offs between gas exchange and avoidance of injury

Prone position: fundamentals

Objectives:

• Understand the physiological characteristics of ventilation in prone positions: ventilation and perfusion in supine and prone position
• Expected changes in gas exchange
• Understand the concept of “prone responsiveness”
• Understand the hemodynamic changes following prone position

Ventilation in COPD: clinical case-based discussion

Objectives:

• This case study will illustrate pathophysiology of COPD
• The types of ventilation in COPD using a clinical case

Basic concepts of patient-ventilation interaction

Objectives:

• Understand the concept of patient-ventilator interaction
• Understand the different types of interactions and their causes
• Brief introduction on how to address the most common types of asynchronies

Weaning: the basics

Objectives:

• Understand concepts of readiness to wean
• Understand how to measure and interpret weaning parameters
• Formulate a readiness to wean assessment

Basic thoracic imaging: USS and EIT.

Objectives:

• Understand basic principles of Lung USS
• Understand the principles of EIT
• Understand basic clinical applications of the two techniques