Healthcare-associated (nosocomial) infection and the emergence of resistant micro-organisms are major concerns for healthcare systems worldwide. 

Infection is a major cause of critical illness and infection acquired in the ICU prolongs ICU stay and increases mortality. Critically ill patients are also highly susceptible to nosocomial infections. Frequent use of antibiotics contributes to selection pressure for resistant organisms, which may then become transmitted to other patients, wards and even hospital areas following patient discharge. A proper understanding of the mechanisms and means of prevention of nosocomial infection is therefore a basic component in the training and daily professional practice of all intensivists. 

This module reviews the scale of the problem of antimicrobial resistance and nosocomial infection, the methods for recognising and detecting infection, and their management and prevention. The module will focus on the acutely unwell patient primarily in the context of critical care, but the general principles are applicable throughout the healthcare system. It will also place particular emphasis on antibiotic stewardship and the responsibilities of both individuals and organisations in preventing these conditions which cause significant morbidity and mortality.